Model of Power within Organizations :: Legitimate Power, Reward, Coercive Power

Introduction To explain the statement: 'Power does not flow to unknown people in the organization', I will give an overview of the Model of Power in Organizations according to Mc Shane and Von Glinow, which includes a definition of the meaning of power, the different sources of power, and the contingencies that need to exist before sources of power will translate into actual power. Finally, I will provide a conclusion and recommendation. The Sources and Contingencies of Power in Organizations McShane and Von Glinow define Power as â€Å"the capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others† (300). Furthermore, they state that power derives from five main sources and four main contingencies like the following figure illustrates. Figure 2: A Model of Power within organizations Source: McShane and Von Glinow 302 McShane and von Glinow determine that the first three powers - legitimate, reward, and coercive power - are granted to persons through the organization or co-workers, whereas the two other powers – expert and referent power - depend on the â€Å"power holders own characteristics† (301). The first source of power that can be assigned to members of the organization is Legitimate Power, which is defined as an â€Å"agreement among organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behavior of others† (302). This source of power generally results from different roles in the organization (hierarchy). Like the manager can expect his or her employees to do what he or she requires. Another source of power that can be given to employees is Reward Power, which is defined as â€Å"the person’s ability to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and to remove negative sections† (302). Reward power offers incentives and is the opposite of the third source of power, which is Coercive Power. Coercive power is the last source of power that is assigned to people and involves â€Å"the ability to apply punishment† (303). The fourth source of power is Expert Power, which does not originate from the position but rather from within the person. Expert power is â€Å"the capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that others value† (303). For instance, an employee can develop expert power when gaining important knowledge for the organizations that others would also like to have. The fifth source of power that does not depend on the role or position of an employee, but on the person’s own characteristics is Referent Power, which is defined as â€Å"the capacity to influence others on the basis of an identification with and respect for the power holder† (303).

Autobiography Of a Pen Essay

Autobiography Of a Pen feelings that lay inside her, through her writing. She used to call me her Lucky Pen and i was proud of that status. But one day, I remember her writing writing†¦ PremiumSaved An Autobiography Through Fiction-Based Prose of his life and, through his prose, still does. George Orwell wrote his autobiography not as a book written in the first person, but as a lifetime of prose based†¦ Premium Jayson De Lemon’s Autobiography Jayson de Lemon’s Autobiography â€Å"I once asked myself, how history was written. I said, â€Å"I have to invent it.† When I wish as now to tell of critical incidents†¦ Premium Autobiography Of a Yogi: Summary pen of Paramhansa Yogananda, whose teachings my husband and myself have had the pleasure of studying for twenty years.† The value of Yogananda’s Autobiography is†¦ Premium Autobiography 1922 THE QUINN & BODEN CO. PRESS RAHWAY, N. J. CONTENTS Introduction vii The Autobiography I. Ancestry and Early Life in Boston 3 II. Beginning Life as a Printer 21†¦ Premium The Power Of The Pen Gandhi. He read several works by this great leader, including his autobiography, and believed in the non-violent ideals that it promoted. â€Å"The impact they made†¦ Premium n Autobiography Twenty One Years In The Making Autobiography Twenty One Years in the Making Born just two days before Christmas, I started my life in the tender loving arms of my mother, and my ever-guiding†¦ Premium The Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin of nearly 30 years and covering his life only until 1759 (he died in 1790), The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is actually tells approximately half of his life†¦ Premium The Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin He died on April 17, 1790. The first five chapters of the Autobiography were composed in England in 1771, continued in 1784-5, and again in 1788, at which date†¦ Premium Autobiography Christine Jorgensen Biography Christine Jorgensen (May 30, 1926 May 3, 1989) was the first widely known person to have sex reassignment surgery – in this case†¦ Premium Autobiography Memoir, Spiritual autobiography * Biography * Diaries and Journals * Electronic literature * Erotic literature * Fable, Fairy tale, Folklore * Fiction o†¦

Rhetorical Definition and Examples Syllepsis

Syllepsis is a rhetorical term for a kind of ellipsis in which one word (usually a verb) is understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs. Adjective: sylleptic. As Bernard Dupriez points out in A Dictionary of Literary Devices (1991), There is little agreement among rhetoricians on the difference between syllepsis and zeugma, and Brian Vickers notes that even the Oxford English Dictionary confuses syllepsis and zeugma (Classical Rhetoric in English Poetry, 1989). In contemporary rhetoric, the two terms are commonly used interchangeably to refer to a figure of speech in which the same word is applied to two others in different senses. EtymologyFrom the Greek, a taking Examples E.B. WhiteWhen I address Fred I never have to raise either my voice or my hopes.Dave BarryWe consumers like names that reflect what the company does. We know, for example, that International Business Machines makes business machines, and Ford Motors makes Fords, and Sara Lee makes us fat.Anthony LaneAna... first meets Christian Grey at Grey House, which is home to Grey Enterprises, in Seattle... Ana, ushered into his presence, stumbles first over the threshold and then over her words.Robert HutchinsonVegetarianism is harmless enough, though it is apt to fill a man with wind and self-righteousness.Sue TownsendI searched for a sign that she had witnessed more of Mrs. Urquharts scandalous behavior, but her face was its usual mask of Max Factor foundation and disappointment with life.Charles DickinsMiss Bolo rose from the table considerably agitated, and went straight home in a flood of tears, and a sedan chair.Ambrose BiercePiano, n. A parlor utensil for subduing the impenitent visitor. It is operated by depressing the keys of the machine and the spirits of the audience.James ThurberI finally told Ross, late in the summer, that I was losing weight, my grip, and possibly my mind.Margaret AtwoodYou most likely need a thesaurus, a rudimentary grammar book, and a grip on reality.Tyler HiltonYou took my hand and breath away.Mick Jagger and Keith RichardsShe blew my nose and then she blew my mind.Dorothy ParkerIts a small apartment. Ive barely enough room to lay my hat and a few friends. Observations Maxwell NurnbergZeugma, syllepsis—even dictionaries and linguists find it difficult to agree on which is which. They agree only that what is generally involved is a verb (or some other part of speech) that is doing double duty. In one case theres a syntactical problem; in the other, a verb has two or more objects yoked together, objects that are not compatible, since for each the verb is used in a different sense; for example, He took his hat and his departure.Kuang-ming WuSignificantly, zeugma or syllepsis is word-yoking often because it is meaning-yoking. In opening the door and heart to the homeless boy, for instance, opening the heart opens the door, for it is the heart that opens or closes the door; to open yokes the heart inside with the door outside. To open performs a zeugma-activity. Or is it syllepsis? In any case, metaphor performs both functions . . .. Metaphor is a zeugma(-syllepsis) yoking two matters under one word (verb), yoking old and alien, past and future. Pronunciation: si-LEP-sis